First (and flawed) constitution of the US

Groups of like-minded people who try to influence the government. American government is set up to avoid domination by any of these groups

As defined in the____________ powers that are not given to the national government by the Constitution, or not prohibited to the states, are reserved by the states or the people

A plan proposed by the larger states during the Constitutional Convention that based representation in the national legislature on population. The plan also included a variety of other proposals to strengthen the national government

The Slave trade cannot be banned before ____________ (year)

An opinion formed on the spot, when it is needed (as distinct from a deeply held opinion that is stable over time)

A calculation that describes what percentage of the people surveyed may not accurately represent the population being studied. Increasing the number of respondents lowers the sampling error.

A voting system in which the candidate who receives the most votes within a geographic area wins the election, regardless of whether that candidate wins a majority (more than half) of the votes

The most common way for a case to reach the Supreme Court. A losing party appeals a lower court ruling A minimum of four of the nine Justices on the Supreme Court is required to grant a writ of certiorari, referred to as the "rule of four"

(1995) Carrying a gun in a school did not fall within "interstate commerce," thus Congress could not prohibit the possession of guns on school property

Part of Article VI, Section 2, of the Constitution stating that the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the United States are the law of the land, meaning national laws take precedent over states laws in the two conflict

Part of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that grants Congress the power to pass all laws related to one of its expressed powers; also known as the elastic clause

Part of Article IV of the Constitution requiring that each state's laws be honored by the other states. For example, legal marriage in one state must be recognized across state lines

Part of Article IV of the Constitution requiring that states must read non state residents within their borders as they would treat their own residents, This was meant to promote commerce and travel between states

(1819) Upheld the national government's right to create a bank and reaffirmed the idea of 'national supremacy.'

The form of federalism from 1787-1937 in which national and state governments are seen as distinct entities providing separate services. This model limits the power of the national government

The powers of Congress to regulate the economy granted in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution

A form of federalism in which federal funds are allocated to the lower levels of government through transfer payments or grants

A more refined and realistic form of cooperative federalism in which policy makers within a particular policy area work together across the levels of government.

A system in which the national, centralized governments holds ultimate authority. It is the most common form of government in the world

Establishes Judicial Review

The Supreme Court uses this test to determine whether a practice violates the First Amendment's establishment clause

(1824) Held that Congress, rather than the states, has broad power to regulate interstate commerce

(1963) The ruling that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.

A landmark case in the area of U.S. criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against 'unreasonable searches and seizures' may not be used in criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts.

Articles of Confederation (a confederacy)

Factions (Federalists believe a large republic avoids tyranny of the majority)

Tenth Amendment,

Virginia Plan

1808

Latent Opinion

Sampling error

plurality voting

writ of certiorari

United States v. Lopez

National Supremecy Clause

Necessary and Proper Clause

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Privileges and Immunities Clause

McColloch v. Maryland

Dual Federalism (layer cake)

Commerce Clause Powers

Fiscal Federalism

Picket Fence Federalism

Unitary Government

Marbury V. Madison

Lemon v. Kurtzman (Lemon Test)

Gibbons v. Odgen

Gideon v. Wainwright

Mapp v. Ohio