| The Immune System | ||
| #1 | What is a antigen and why is it used? | It is a surface protein on the cell membrane and is used to identify the cell type. |
| #2 | What is a antibody and why is it used? | An antibody is a chemical that is used to destroy pathogens |
| #3 | Define the Primary and Secondary Immune response | Primary immune response is the initial response to a pathogen. Secondary Immune response is when the body is exposed to a pathogen again and the body is able to respond quickly as it "remembers" the pathogen. |
| #4 | What is the difference between Active and Passive Immunity? | Active Immunity is when your body develops its own antibodies to a pathogen (Vaccine - your body makes its own antibodies to weakened virus); Passive Immunity is when your body gains antibodies from another individual (e.g., blood transfusion, breastfeeding baby) |
| #5 | Describe the Inflammatory Response. | Occurs when 1st line of defense has been broken. Histamines are released signalling white blood cells to move in and attack pathogens. temperature increases to kill pathogens, and infected area may swell. |
| Blood Types | ||
| #1 | Name the 8 blood types | A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- |
| #2 | What is the difference between a universal recipient and a universal donor? | Universal recipient can receive any type of blood but can only donate to own blood type. AB- is universal recipient. Universal donor (O-) can donate to everyone but can only accept same type of blood. |
| #3 | Why can't an O+ receive AB+ blood? | AB+ positive blood carries A and B antigens. The O+ blood would recognize the A and B antigens as foreign and attack them, causing the blood to clump. |
| #4 | Why is it important to match blood types before performing a transfusion. | Incompatible blood types would clump and potentially causing the blood vessels to become clogged causing death. |
| #5 | What is the role of the antigen on a red blood cell? | The antigen is the way the blood cell is identified as a particular type of blood cell. There may be up to three antigens on a red blood cell (A, B, Rh factor) |
| The Endocrine System | ||
| #1 | What is the name of the chemical messenger in the endocrine system and what body part releases these messengers? | Hormone, released from glands into the bloodstream |
| #2 | What is the purpose of the endocrine system? | A communication system for the body |
| #3 | Why are hormones and target cells like a lock and key? | Hormones fit in specific receptor cells; if receptor cells are missing then hormone cannot deliver message. |
| #4 | Describe the relationship between glucagon and insulin and state what organ releases these hormones. | Insulin and Glucagon are complementary hormones. Insulin is released from the pancreas when the blood sugar level is high. After the blood sugar levels return to "normal", the insulin is no longer released. Insulin helps glucose to be absorbed into cellls. Glucagon is released from the pancreas when sugar levels decrease to very low levels. Glucagon signals the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and to release the glucose to the bloodstream, so that the sugar levels will increase. If sugar levels increase too much, insulin will be released again. |
| #5 | Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems. |
Endocrine System Nervous system Communication Communication and Integration of information responds to internal stimulus Responds to internal and external stimulus uses hormones to send messages Uses electrical impulses to send messages Uses bloodstream to deliver messages Uses nerves/neurons to deliver messages Involuntary Involuntary and voluntary
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| The Nervous System | ||
| #1 | Compare and contrast the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. | The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous systems includes all the sensory neurons that lead to the brain and spinal cord and all the motor neurons that lead away from the brain and spinal cord. |
| #2 | What is the messenger of the nervous system system? | The nerve implulse that travels from neuron to neuron. |
| #3 | What are the functions of the nervous system? | receive information, process that information, analzye that information, and send out a message to do something with that information |
| #4 | What is the difference between a reflex arc and a voluntary movement? | A reflex arc is involuntary and sends and receives informatino from the spinal cord only; Voluntary movement requires the use of the brain. |
| #5 | Describe how your nervous system allows you to see a piece of pizza and pick it up to eat. | Your sensory receptors in your eye sends information to the brain (central nervous system). The CNS sends a nerve impluse to a motor neuron in your arm that tells your hand to pick up the pizza. |
| Everything Else... Including the brain! | ||
| #1 | What is the difference between the cerebellum and the cerebrum? | The cerebellum controlls? |
| #2 | List the parts of a neuron and indicate which part is the first to receive the impulse and the last to transmit the impulse to the neighboring neuron. | dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal. Dendrite receives impulse and axon terminal transmits impulse. |
| #3 | What is homeostasis and give an example of the way in which one of the systems maintain homeostais. | Homeostasis is when the body maintains internal stable environment. An example of this is when the pituitary gland releases ADH to regulate the amount of water in the body. |
| #4 | List the four glands of the endocrine system and their functions. | Pituitary - master gland that controls 9 other glands; thyroid glands -manage energy use and metabolism, pancreas - manage sugar levels, adrenal glands - manage stress |
| #5 | A newly discovered autoimmune disorder affects the myelin sheath of the neurons of the cerebellum.What symptoms may the patient show? And what is an autoimmune disorder? | An autoimmune disorder is when the immune system attacks its own cells as the immune system cannot distinguish foreign from non foreign cells. The patient may have difficulty balancing, poor posture, and difficulty walking. |
| Final Question | |
| Give an example of an autoimmune disorder that affects the endocrine system. | Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that affects the pancreas and prevents the pancreas from produce enough insulin. |