| What is Popular Culture? | Benjamin, DuGay, and Fiske | Plato and Adorno & Horkheimer | Gramsci and Althusser | Foucault |
| 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Final Question | ||||
According to Danesi, this decade is considered the "modern" introduction of Pop Culture.
According to Danesi, this decade is considered the "modern" introduction of Pop Culture.
What is The Roaring 20s?
This Pop artist, famous for his silk screens, replications, and reflections on celebrity culture, consumerism, etc., emerged in the 1960s Pop Art scene.
This Pop artist, famous for his silk screens, replications, and reflections on celebrity culture, consumerism, etc., emerged in the 1960s Pop Art scene.
Who is Andy Warhol?
Explain the dichotomy of High Art vs. Low Art.
Explain the dichotomy of High Art vs. Low Art.
High Art = art and culture considered to have superior value, socially, aesthetically, and historically, high class, etc. Low Art = culture considered to have inferior value, pop culture, kitschy, slapstick, campy, escapist, exploitative, obscene, raunchy, vulgar, etc. Low class
What is the difference between a counterculture and a subculture (according to Danesi)?
What is the difference between a counterculture and a subculture (according to Danesi)?
Countercultures aim to reform mainstream culture, not exist separate from it. Subcultures intentionall stay outside the mainstream, offering an alternative lifestyle, developing its own value system.
What does Danesi mean when he says that "Pop Culture perpetuates itself (and has always perpetuated itself)"?
What does Danesi mean when he says that "Pop Culture perpetuates itself (and has always perpetuated itself)"?
- Adapting to technologically changing media - immediate access to media through digitization
- Youth generation determining what's "cool," rebellious, reaction to older generation
- Nostalgia from the older generation looking back on their youth
What does it mean for Benjamin for a work of art to have "authenticity?"
What does it mean for Benjamin for a work of art to have "authenticity?"
"...its presence in time and space, it's uniqu e existence at the place where it happens to be."
What is the work of art's "aura?"
What is the work of art's "aura?"
A work of art's "unique existence"
This term, for DuGay et al., is both a "whole way of life" and "the production and circulation of meaning."
This term, for DuGay et al., is both a "whole way of life" and "the production and circulation of meaning."
Culture.
This term can be understood as any system of representation: photography, cinematography, painting, speech, writing, imaging through technology, drawing, etc. It also allows us to use signs and symbols to represent, or re-present, whatever exists in the world in terms of a meaningful concept, image, or idea.
This term can be understood as any system of representation: photography, cinematography, painting, speech, writing, imaging through technology, drawing, etc. It also allows us to use signs and symbols to represent, or re-present, whatever exists in the world in terms of a meaningful concept, image, or idea.
Language.
Fiske defines [Blank] as something that "is made by various formations of subordinated or disempowered people out of the resources, both discursive and material, that are provided by the social system that disempowers them. It is therefore contradictory and conflictual to its core.”
Fiske defines [Blank] as something that "is made by various formations of subordinated or disempowered people out of the resources, both discursive and material, that are provided by the social system that disempowers them. It is therefore contradictory and conflictual to its core.”
Popular Culture.
What do the shadows on the wall of Plato's cave represent?
What do the shadows on the wall of Plato's cave represent?
Ideology, etc...
Why can't everyone escape the cave?
Why can't everyone escape the cave?
Ideology, etc...
Describe the context in which Adorno & Horkheimer were writing.
Describe the context in which Adorno & Horkheimer were writing.
WWII, Nazism, rise of fascism, death camps, holocaust, exile, rise of consumer society, mass communications, etc.
Define the term "Culture Industry."
Define the term "Culture Industry."
-
Culture Industry: The industrial/political creation of cultural products (film, radio, print media, etc.) in order to subordinate individuals to the will of the capitalist, profit-driven system. The Culture Industry mass produces and distributes cultural goods to cultivate false psychological needs that can only be met with the products of capitalism. Destroys the individual and absorbs it into mass society.
When A&H describe society as being a "top down" framework, what do they mean by this? Why do they partially blame the enlightenment?
When A&H describe society as being a "top down" framework, what do they mean by this? Why do they partially blame the enlightenment?
- Mass culture not created by the people. Cultural subordination. Mass culture made by industrial and political forces, not the masses.
- People not thinking for themselves, despite the freedom to do so from the enlightenment! They've become complacent. Subordinated. People buying into media such as radio, TV, film, etc. without any critical thought. Replaced the priests of old...
Gramsci, being the Neo-Marxist that he was, uses the Marxist structure of human society in his work (Base, Superstructure, etc.). Can you please describe this structure?
Gramsci, being the Neo-Marxist that he was, uses the Marxist structure of human society in his work (Base, Superstructure, etc.). Can you please describe this structure?
- The Superstructure is made up of everything not to do with production in society (education, family, friends, religion, politics, media, etc.).
- The Base is made up of all things needed to produce (machines, factories, land, raw materials, workers, etc.) - peoples' relations to production.
- The Base shapes the Superstructure and the Superstructure maintains and legitimizes the Base.
Gramsci defines this terms as such: “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas…The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.”
Gramsci defines this terms as such: “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas…The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production.”
Ideology
This term describes how the state and ruling capitalist class (bourgeoisie) use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist society.
This term describes how the state and ruling capitalist class (bourgeoisie) use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist society.
(Cultural) Hegemony
Why don't the masses just rise up against Cultural Hegemony?
Why don't the masses just rise up against Cultural Hegemony?
The masses see the ruling party's "ideology" as "common sense" values - as "natural." Why would anyone want to revolt? This is the discourse... Plus there's always the threat of violence underneath all of this as well...
Define RSA and ISA. What are they? What do they do? Give an example of each.
Define RSA and ISA. What are they? What do they do? Give an example of each.
Repressive State Apparatus: Tool used to suppress and dominate the working class by violent and/or coercive means. Hard Power. Armed forces, government, police, courts, etc.
Ideological State Apparatus: Tool used to suppress and dominate the working class by concentual, non-violent, ideological means. Religion, family, friends, Communications, Literature, Sports, Arts, Film, etc. Diverse and pluralized. Soft Power. Concealed and symbolic.
What is this?
What is this?
The Panopticon.
The article opens by discussing an idealized, disciplined town that is going through what kind of atrocity?
The article opens by discussing an idealized, disciplined town that is going through what kind of atrocity?
Plague.
Their behavior changes based on the idea that they're being watched, even though that might not be true...
Does the panopticon apply only to prisons? Explain...
Does the panopticon apply only to prisons? Explain...
No. It can be applied to schools, madmen, patients, workers, etc. It can also be applied to mass culture, especially in our digital age...
Jeremy Bentham, the philosopher who invented the idea of the Panopticon, believed it would "increase production, develop the economy, spread education, raise the level of public morality, etc. What is the push-back against this?
Jeremy Bentham, the philosopher who invented the idea of the Panopticon, believed it would "increase production, develop the economy, spread education, raise the level of public morality, etc. What is the push-back against this?
Lack of free will/freedom. Lack of privacy. Militarized state. Illusion of peace and harmony, not from morality, but from fear. Etc...
According to Danesi, culture manifests itself through four channels. Name them and describe each of them to the best of your ability!
According to Danesi, culture manifests itself through four channels. Name them and describe each of them to the best of your ability!
1. Conceptual Channel: “mind culture,” language (sayings, colloquial speech, slang, etc), symbols, transmission practices (oral instruction to education structures)
2. Material Channel: “external culture,” artifacts, fads like Hula Hoops and iPods, structural forms (architecture), cuisine, things that can be touched, tasted, etc.
3. Performative Channel: rites, rituals, music in various styles, communicative rituals, celebrities that embody certain performative trends
4. Aesthetic Channel: Arts and creative texts (stories, poems, movies, songs, etc.)
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