Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? A) CO2 and glucose B) H2O and O2 C) ADP, i, and NADP+ D) electrons and H+ E) ATP and NADPH

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex? A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction–center chlorophyll B) transfer light energy to the reaction–center chlorophyll C) synthesize ATP from ADP and i D) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH E) concentrate photons within the stroma

Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? A) harvesting of light energy by ATP B) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain C) generation of molecular oxygen D) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water E) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain

Plants photosynthesize only in the light. Plants respire A) in the dark only. B) in the light only. C) both in light and dark. D) never–they get their ATP from photophosphorylation. E) only when excessive light energy induces photorespiration.

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? A) establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane B) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane C) reduction of water to produce ATP energy D) movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma E) formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) thylakoid membrane C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast D) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by–product of A) reducing NADP+. B) splitting water molecules. C) chemiosmosis. D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I. E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II.

Researchers studying mitochondria recently discovered that some abnormal cells lack the inner space normally present in healthy mitochondria. Closer examination of the abnormal cells showed that the pair of mitochondrial membranes that normally define the inner space were directly attached to each other. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely due to the structural change is that the abnormal cells? (A) The cells will be unable to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. (B) The cells will be unable to synthesize acetyl Co-A from pyruvate. (C) The cells will be unable to produce lactic acid by fermentation. (D) The cells will be unable to carry out glycolysis.

When a photon is absorbed by a molecule, the photon a. loses its ability to generate any energy. b. raises the molecule from a ground state of low energy to an excited state. c. affects the molecule in ways that are not clearly understood. d. causes a change in the velocity of the wavelengths. e. makes the molecule more stable.

The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a absorbs a. infrared light. b. red and blue light. c. X rays. d. gamma rays. e. white light.

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? A) The pH of the matrix increases. B) ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. C) The electrons gain free energy. D) The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. E) NAD+ is oxidized.

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? A) glycolysis B) fermentation C) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D) citric acid cycle E) oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? A) glycolysis B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain C) the citric acid cycle D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Researchers studying mitochondria recently discovered that some abnormal cells lack the inner space normally present in healthy mitochondria. Closer examination of the abnormal cells showed that the pair of mitochondrial membranes that normally define the inner space were directly attached to each other. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely due to the structural change is that the abnormal cells? (A) The cells will be unable to produce ATP via chemiosmosis. (B) The cells will be unable to synthesize acetyl Co-A from pyruvate. (C) The cells will be unable to produce lactic acid by fermentation. (D) The cells will be unable to carry out glycolysis.

Which event occurs as part of the electron transport chain? a. Release of CO2b. Reduction of CO2c. Oxidation of FADH and NADH d. Reduction of NAD+ e. Formation of GTP

Which process occurs when oxygen is not available? a. Pyruvate oxidation b. The citric acid cycle c. Fermentation d. An electron transport chain e. Chemiosmosis

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to A) reduce NAD+ to NADH. B) reduce FAD+ to FADH2. C) oxidize NADH to NAD+. D) reduce FADH2 to FAD+. E) do none of the above.

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B) the citric acid cycle C) oxidative phosphorylation D) glycolysis E) chemiosmosis

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) the citric acid cycle D) oxidative phosphorylation E) chemiosmosis

When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by A) buildup of pyruvate. B) buildup of lactate. C) increase in sodium ions. D) increase in potassium ions. E) increase in ethanol.